Despite the negative criticisms that are ascribed to technology, many businesses have used it to produce new products, deliver services, and remain competitive. In fact, technology has been a key part of human life for centuries.

Technology is the application of science and engineering to the production of material objects for human use. It is also an activity that shapes culture.

There are two distinct traditions in the philosophy of technology. One tradition emphasizes a teleological character of technology. This idea stems from Aristotle’s doctrine of the four causes. In the modern interpretation of metaphysics, the four causes are still a central theme.

The other tradition emphasizes a purely instrumental character. These people view technology as a technical rationality, and adopt a language of means and ends.

Technology can be used on different scales, from microchips to cars. Each scale is a step toward a more complex process. Similarly, each step in the process validates the idea behind the technology.

The idea that technology is a low resistance path to an end is a core element of the philosophy of technology. The first step is defining a problem. The second step is solving the problem. The third step is presenting the solution to a team and management. During this step, the solution must be carefully compared to economic and environmental criteria.

The early stages of technology have a promise, but require sustained efforts to succeed. Often, this is known as the ‘death valley’.